How Gender, Sexual Orientation, and Their Expression Influence Perceived Professionalism: A Factorial Survey Experiment

Project info

Work package
  • Work
Sustainability threat
  • External Shocks
Challenge
  • Reshaping organizational forms

Study info

Description of Study
Despite efforts to promote diversity, equity, and inclusion, biases against women and LGB+ employees persist in the workplace. This study investigates how gender identity, sexual orientation, and their expression intersect to influence perceived professionalism. Using a factorial vignette design, we manipulated gender (woman, man), sexual orientation (heterosexual, bisexual, gay/lesbian), gender expression (feminine, gender-neutral, masculine), and sexual orientation disclosure (full disclosure, selective disclosure, full concealment) within fictitious employee profiles. A representative sample of 376 UK participants evaluated six randomized profiles on perceived professionalism. Results reveal significant biases against LGB employees, particularly those who fully disclose their sexual orientation. Men with feminine expressions faced harsher penalties, while women experienced more flexibility in expressing gender non-conforming traits. These findings highlight how status beliefs privileging cis-heterosexual masculine men shape perceived professionalism. Keywords: Intersectionality, workplace, LGB+, identity disclosure, gender, gender expression, factorial vignettes
Study research question
Collection provenance
  • Collected during project
Collection methods
  • Vignette survey
Personal data
No
External Source
Source description
File formats
Data types
  • Structured
Languages
  • English
Coverage start
Coverage end
Spatial coverage
Collection period start
Collection period end

Variables

Unit
Unit description
Sample size
Sampling method
Hypothesis
Theory
Variable type
Variable name
Variable description
Discipline-specific operationalizations
Conflict of interest
None

Data packages

Publications

Documents

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Description
Date

Ethics

Ethical assessment
Yes
Ethical committee
Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences of Utrecht University